Linux Solutions

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The guide will provide you with instructions and advise on how to install, boot and run Ubuntu 7.10 from a USB flash drive.

USB Ubuntu 7.10 requirements:
Before we go through the installation process for Ubuntu 7.10 from a USB flash drive, it is important to know the requirements for installation. These are provided below:

- Ubuntu7.10 ISO
- CD Burner
- 1GB USB flash drive (2GB+ recommended)
- U710fix.zip

Now, let’s go through the process of installing Ubuntu 7.10 from a USB flash drive. We are assuming that z is your flash drive, so whatever is your drive letter, simply replace z with that letter.

- first of all, please get the Ubuntu 7.10 ISO and burn it to a CD
- then insert the CD and the USB flash drive
- now, reboot your computer into Ubuntu from the Live CD
- open a terminal window and type following: sudo su
- Type fdisk -l to list available drives/partitions
- Type umount /dev/sdz1
- Type fdisk /dev/sdz
- Type p to show the existing partition and d to delete it
- Type p again to show any remaining partitions
- Type n to make a new partition
- Type p for primary partition
- Type 1 to make this the first partition
- press enter to use the default 1st cylinder
- Type +750M to set the partition size
- Type a to make this partition active
- Type 1 to select partition 1
- Type t to change the partition filesystem
- Type 6 to select the fat16 file system
- Type n to make another new partition
- Type p for primary partition
- Type 2 to make this the second partition
- press enter to use the default cylinder
- press enter again to use the default last cylinder
- Type w to write the new partition table

Important points to note:
- If you want the 1st partition to be unmounted, then please type umount /dev/sdz1
- If you want to format the first partition, then please type mkfs.vfat -F 16 -n ubuntu710 /dev/sdz1
- If you want the second partition to be unmounted then please type umount /dev/sdz2
- If you want the second partition to be formated then please type mkfs.ext2 -b 4096 -L casper-rw /dev/sdz2

Now, please remove and re-insert the flash drive and at the terminal, just type apt-get update
- Type apt-get install syslinux mtools
- Type syslinux -sf /dev/sdz1
- Type cd /cdrom
- Type cp -rf casper disctree dists install pics pool preseed .disk isolinux/* md5sum.txt README.diskdefines ubuntu.ico casper/vmlinuz casper/initrd.gz /media/ubuntu710/
- Type cd /home/ubuntu
- Type wget pendrivelinux.com/downloads/U710fix.zip
- Type unzip -o -d /media/ubuntu710/ U710fix.zip

The final stage is to restart the computer, and please set the BIOS or Boot menu to boot from the USB device and reboot again.

If you followed all the steps, the you will have a USB Ubuntu 7.10 flash drive that should automatically save your changes, and restore them on boot.

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The guide will provide instructions and advise on how to install Mandriva Linux. The stages that will be covered in this tutorial will be configuration. Let’s go through the process of configuration.
- either click the shortcut on the right side of the Firefox icon on the top panel or
- system > Administration > Configure your computer.
You will see that the Mandriva Linux Control Center will be displayed. There is a Software Management panel. Under Software Management, you can update your system, install/uninstall packages and select download sources.

System update
Now, let’s have a look at the system update. If you are planning to update your system, then the wizard will ask you a set of questions and will also confirm.

You will be able to set up different peripheral devices including configuring a 3D desktop manager and audio/video drivers.

The drivers can be downloaded by stopping the Server and then dowloading the drivers. In the end, restart the Server.

Setting up graphic card
Please note that when you are going to set up the graphis card, the wizard will provide you with the following:
- existing configuration,
- monitor resolution and
- refresh rate,
- the colour depth,
- ability to test your configuration before committing changes.

If you are planning to change the selection, then please click on Graphic Card.
You will be able to find the currently available supported ATI devices.

You can make a choice for a list of supported devices. After making your choice, you can choose some extra options.

It is good to know that you will be provided with an opportunity to test the device before you confirm the change.

Please note that there are titles on the tabs. These tabs clearly indicate Network & Internet panel allow you to set up the network interfaces. System allows you to change environmental settings suc as date, time, language etc., manage system services, manager users, perform a backup Mount points will provide you with an opportunity to manage hard disks, partitions, optical drivers, and network shares.

Security configuration
If you want to carry out security configuration, then the first step is to setup a fire wall. Some firewalls are interactive while others are silent and you have to read the logs in order to establish the network activity.

Please note that Mandriva Control Center and its functionalities provide you with an opportunity to toggle the Expert mode, under Options > Expert mode. In this way, a number of options that were not previously available will be displayed.

If you want to configure the bootloader and boot menu, enable autologin, then you have to go to the boot tab.

How to manage packages
It is good to know that Mandriva uses a urpmi package manager, which is based on the rpm manager. If you want to know how to install a urpmi package, then please view the commands as provided below:

- If you want to remove a package then please use following command
urpmi package_name

- If you want to update a list of packages then please use following command:
urpmi package_name

- If you want to update the system, then please use following command:
urpmi.update -a

If you are not interested in using commands, then you can refer to the rpmdrake graphical software manager, available through the Control Center.

I hope that you found the tutorial guide useful and helpful.

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The guide will provide instructions and advise on how to install Mandriva Linux. The stages that will be covered in this tutorial will be partitioning and bootloader. It is a good idea to know what is Mandriva. Mandriva gears toward either KDE or Gnome desktops, although it supports a range of others.

Items required for installing Mandriva Linux.
It is recommended to note the items that are required before we go ahead with the installation process for Mandriva.

Mandriva distribution. Remember that you will be able to find several packages that are available. For example,
- Mandriva One comes as a live CD installer;
- Mandriva Free comes on a single DVD and can only be installed (without the live CD feature).
- Payware version - There is also a payware version.
- A computer with a modern processor, 256MB of RAM and a CD/DVD-ROM drive.
- A virtualisation product such as: VMware Player, VMware Server, VirtualBox, etc.

Booting into live CD session
In this stage, we have to ensure that following items are ready for action in advance. These items are provided as below:
- Mandriva One.iso is being downloaded and burned to CD.
- allocation of hardware resources such as dual boot, virtual machine.
- installation and configuration of VMware Server-
- creation of a Mandriva virtual machine.
- knowledge on how to boot from CD

Please note that you will be asked to choose the language, country, keyboard, time zone, date& time, and accept an EULA before you reach the desktop.

After that License agreement will need to be sorted.
After sorting out the license agreement, you will see the live CD desktop.
KDE desktop looks like Windows, but GNOME is slightly different.

Mandriva panel consists of several menus such as the applications menu and the places menu. The Applications menu is similar to Windows Program Menu. The Places menu is a sort of a My Computer. The System menu is akin to Control Panel.

You will note that next to the menu is the would-be Quick Launch toolbar. The System Tray is on the right.

You will also note that the panel on the bottom of the screen will allow you to switch between multiple desktops and access open applications. The GNOME desktop is user-friendly and easy to use.

- In order to complete the installation process, double-click on the Live install icon.

Partitioning stage
It is good to know that the partitioning stage holds an important position in the installation process. Mandriva offers a user-friendly interface in order to proceed from one step to another.

The first step after starting the installation is partitioning. Mandriva uses the DrakX Partitioning Wizard. In order to configure the layout of hard drive it is best to use custom selection. It is important that you backup your data before you configure the partitions. In order to carry out the partitioning, you are presented with several options such as:

- auto allocate the partitions or
- manually edit the partition table using the expert mode

Let’s choose the second option (i.e., manually edit the partition table)

- Please switch to the expert mode by clicking on the Toggle to expert mode button.

- In order to create a partition, you have two options:

- The colored legend icons are actually clickable. Clicking any one of them will instantly open a configuration window for a partition of the selected type

or

- You can click on the hard disk color bar, anywhere on the empty space. This action will allow you to create a partition of any type

In order to find out if you have selected the empty space, you will notice following:

- The empty space will be marked with a dashed borderline.
- a Create button will be displayed which is under Choose action menu below the hard disk color bar.

You have to click on the Create button so that to create a new partition.

Let’s make three partitions which are swap first, root (/) next and home (/home) last, but before we proceed with partitions it is recommended to note following factors:

- You should know the size in MB
- The filesystem type
- the preference that you are going to make. It could be primary or logical, depending on the needs and requirements.

Let’s assume that our preference for the partition is primary.

Swap partition

Please click on the empty space and then click Create to create the root partition.

The same process can be applied to the home partition. You will notice that the colored bars indicating created partitions and their respective filesystem types.

There are important points that you can take into account with regards to partitining

- undo can be clicked if you want to undo any selections
- clear all can be clicked if you want to clear the partition table
- The wizard can be closed if you want to cancel the installation process

Formatting the partitions.
A partition can be easily formated by selecting it and then choosing the Format from the Choose action menu.

Let’s format the home partition.

- first of all, you need to click on the Format button
- after clicking on the format button a warning message will be displayed
- Now, can click on Done.
- after clicking on done button, you will be asked to format any unformatted partition.
- you can click on Next
- after you click on Next, the remaining partitions will be formatted and the installer will begin copying files.

Bootloader
Please note that copying files can take several minutes. After the completion of this stage you will be asked to setup the bootloader.

You need to think that whether you want the boot menu to include graphics or not.

If you are only running Linux, you should use the default options.

After settting up the bootloader, you will be asked to configure the boot menu. By default, this menu will contain entries for all available operating systems, including special switches.

The menu can be left as unaltered. After installing the Mandriva, you will be able to edit the boot menu at any time

After you have completed this stage, you can reboot your system.

The shutdown option hides under the System menu.

I hope that you found this tutorial guide useful and helpful.

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The guide will provide you with instructions and guidance on how to install a firestarter in Ubuntu. First of all, let’s get familiar with Firestarter. Firestarter is an Open Source visual firewall program.

Install Firestarter in Ubuntu
Now, let’s go through steps as required to install a firestarter in Ubuntu.

- Please run the following command.
sudo apt-get instal firestarter
By running this command will complete the installation process.
- Now, if you would like to view the fire starter programmem, then simply go to System—>Administration—>Firestarter

- When the screen is displayed, please click on forward

- Now choose Network device setup and click on forward

- after choosing the Network device, simply select if you have any internet connection sharing and click on forward

- Now, you have to click on check box next to start firewall now and click on save

- After going through the above step, now you will be able to view the firestarter GUI

Please note that every time firestarter starting GUI you will be prompted for a root password. However, if you want to skip the root password request, then all you nee do do is to go through following steps as mentioned below:

- export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo
following line needs to be added in
/etc/sudoers file
%ruchi ALL= NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/firestarter

- please replace %ruchi by your the name of the user or the group which can use sudo and do the modification.

- This can be tested by using the procedure as mentioned below:
sudo – K
sudo /usr/sbin/firestarter

If you try to open it, you shouldn’t be prompted for a password

- In the end, you should add firestarter to startup programs list. This can be done by
system—> Preferences—>Sessions you should see the following screen in this you need to click on startup programs and click on add you should see a popup box prompting for startup command in this you need to enter the following command and click ok two times.

sudo /usr/sbin/firestarter

Firewall Policy
Please note that Firestarted has a default policy. According to this policy, new inbound connections from the Internet to the firewall or client hosts are blocked.

Remember that the firewall host is freely allowed to establish new connections and all client hosts are allowed to establish new connections to the Internet, but not to the firewall host.

Firewall policy allows normal Internet usage such as web browsing and e-mail on the secured hosts, but blocks any attempts to access network services from the outside and shields the local network.

If you are interested in designing your own policy the you should know about inbound and outbound policy.

Inbound policy
It is important to know that all inbound network traffic that is not in response to a connection established by a secured host is always denied. Any changes to inbound policy can be made on the inbound policy section of the policy page in Firestarter.

Outbound policy
The purpose of outbound traffic policy is to specify the types of network traffic that are allowed out from the secured network to the Internet. Firestarter has two modes of operation when it comes to implementing outbound policy, a permissive (which is the default) and a restrictive mode.

- If you want to create new policy you need to click on the policy tab and ensure which policy (i.e., inbound or outbound) you want in the editing selection

- After that you click on policy from the top menu
and
- then click on add from the top menu
- A popup box will be displayed with a request for allowing connections from from ip,host or network,enter the comment and - -
- click on add

In the same way, you can add the outbound policy.

I hope that this tutorial proved helpful for you.

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The guide will provide you with advise and instructions on how to make a USB Boot CD for Xubuntu 9.04.

USB Boot CD for Xubuntu 9.04 build essentials:
It is good to know the USB Boot CD for Xubuntu 9.04 essentials. These are as provided below:
- PC with a BIOS that does not support booting from USB
- Xubuntu 9.04 CD
- Working CD Drive and USB Port
- USB flash drive with Xubuntu 9.04 preinstalled

How to create a CD to Boot Kubuntu from USB
Now, let’s go through the steps as required for creating a CD to Boot Kubuntu from USB.
- First of all, please insert your Xubuntu 9.04 Live CD and restart your computer, booting from the CD
- Open a Terminal and Type mkdir -p ubcdx/boot/grub
- Now, please type cp /usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/stage2_eltorito ubcdx/boot/grub
- Type mousepad ubcdx/boot/grub/menu.lst

Please note that you need to copy the following information to the menu.lst file and save the file:
title Run Xubuntu 9.04 from USB DISK
root (cd)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/xubuntu.seed boot=casper noprompt cdrom-detect/try-usb=true persistent
initrd /boot/initrd.gz
boot
- Type cp /cdrom/casper/initrd.gz ~/ubcdx/boot
- Type cp /cdrom/casper/vmlinuz ~/ubcdx/boot
- Type sudo mousepad /etc/initramfs-tools/modules
Now, please add the following lines to the end of the modules file and save the file:
usbcore
usb-storage
uhci_hcd
ohci_hcd
ehci_hcd
sd_mod
scsi_mod
- Type sudo mousepad /etc/initramfs-tools/initramfs.conf
Add the following line to the bottom of the file and save the file:
WAIT=8
- Now, type sudo mkinitramfs -o ubcdx/boot/initrd.gz 2.6.2*
Replacing 2.6.2* with your actual kernel version.
Type uname -r to find your kernel version. I.E. 2.6.28-11-generic
- Type mkisofs -R -b boot/grub/stage2_eltorito -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table -o usbcdx.iso ubcdx
- Now burn the usbcdx.iso to a CD
If you have followed all the steps as provided in this tutorial, you will have successfully made a USB Boot CD for Xubuntu 9.04

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The tutorial guide will provide instructions and advise to the user on how to install MooLux Linux LIVE to a USB Flash Drive using Windows. It is good to know about MooLux. MooLux is a Live USB Linux distribution based on Slackware that utilizes the KDE desktop environment. MooLux is a portable operating system

USB Moolux Flash Drive creation essentials:
It is important to know the USB Moolux Flash Drive creation essentials. These are as provided below:
- 1GB or Larger USB Flash Drive (Fat16 or Fat32 formatted)
- Windows XP PC to create the MooLux USB Drive
- HP USB Format Tool
- MooLux Zip

Linux Mint Flash Drive creation process:
Now, let’s go through the Linux Mint Flash Drive creation process.
- first of all, please download the HP USB format tool and format your Thumb Drive as Fat16 or Fat32
- Now please download the MooLux zip
- After the download, please extract the contents of the Zip to your USB device
- After successful extraction, please navigate to the boot directory on the USB device
- Now, click bootinst.bat to install the grub loader and make the device bootable
- In the end, please reboot your PC and set your system BIOS or Boot Menu to boot from the USB device, save your changes and reboot booting from the USB memory stick

If you have followed the advise and instructions as presented in this tutorial guide, then you will have successfully installed the MoonLux Linux to a USB Flash Drive,

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The guide will provide you with advise and guidance on how to install Fedora 5 Linux on a Playstation 3. Users can run Linux on the console in order to gain access to a general computing environment.

Let’s follow the steps as required for installing Fedora 5 Linux on a Playstation 3 console.

- It is a good idea to be aware of the installation materials that will be required for this installation process. These are: -Fedora 5 DVD, the PS3 add-on CD,
-a USB flashdrive needed in order to initialise the installation.

Beginning with the Fedora 5 DVD, a user can download the disc information from the website or another source. It is important to note that the total file-size will be roughly 3.5GB, so if you know the speed of your connection, you should have a fairly good sense of how long this might take.
- After the download is complete, you can now unpack the data, and burn the unpacked files in ISO mode to a blank DVD using your favorite burning software.
- Now, input the newly burned DVD aside and repeat the process as mentioned above in order to create the PS3 add-on CD. Please note that the ISO files for the CD can be downloaded and the size is less than 50MB.
- Now with these two discs set aside, you can attach the USB flashdrive to the computer and create a folder on the flashdrive named PS3.
- Inside of this PS3 folder, please create another folder entitled otheros.
- Now by placing your PS3 add-ons CD back into the ROM drive, please open or search the disc and locate the kboot folder. You will be able to find a file otheros.bld which is right inside the kboot
- You can take otheros.bld and copy it into the otheros folder that you created on your USB flashdrive.
- You need to download the Other OS Installer.
- Now you can place the downloaded otheros.self file into the otheros folder on the flashdrive. You should now have both otheros.bld and otheros.self located inside of the otheros folder, which itself is located within the PS3 folder.

- Now, the next step is to prepare the Playstation.
Please note that this will delete all information from the hard drive, including game saves, so if there is anything on the hard drive that you value, it would be advisable at this point that you back it up to a flashdrive or memory card of your choice. Game saves can be copied by going to Game –> Saved Data Utility on the XMB and hitting the ‘x’ button, followed by the triangle button on individual save data to transfer.

- After you have completed the backing up of the information, now you can use the XMB menu to navigate to Settings –> System Settings –> Format Utility. It is a good idea to run the format utility, and following the prompts, set up an ‘other OS’ partition on the drive.
- Having prepared the hard drive for the installation of an additional operating system, now you can plug in the USB flashdrive you prepared for the installation.
- On the XMB, please go to Settings –> System Settings –> Install Other OS

Now, the console should automatically detect the necessary files on the flashdrive, all you have to do is to follow the prompts given in order to install the bootloader onto the hard drive.

After this, you can go to Settings –> System Settings –> Default System and change it from PS3 to Other OS. When you next start the system, it will boot into a Linux environment.

Reboot the system.
Once faced with the initial kboot command prompt, enter this text via a connected USB or USB/RF keyboard: install-fc sda
It will ask you to insert the Fedora 5 DVD, which you should do at this point. Hit ‘y’ on the keyboard and ‘enter’ to begin the installation process. It will ask if a minimal or full installation is prefered - make your choice (no reason not to go full) and get ready to wait.
For a short while it may appear that your Playstation is frozen, but don’t panic, it isn’t; after several minutes you will see visual signs that the installation is in progress. You would also be well advised to have something to occupy yourself with during the duration, because this step takes several hours to complete.
Speaking of frozen, however, here is some good advice to keep in mind. If at any point when using the Playstation you feel you have a legitimate freeze, you can hold your finger over the power ‘button’ for five seconds in order to initiate a manual shutdown. This is far preferable to actually flipping the switch on the back of the unit or disconnecting the power cord, something that on this system you should know will lead to nothing but headaches. And this method will get the job done. Even more obscure/handy is the fact that should you ever feel yourself stuck in Linux-land, you may power down the unit and power it back on while keeping your finger on the power ‘button’ for an additional five seconds. When powered on in this method, the PS3 will always default to the XMB menu.
Going back to our Linux installation, once the requisite several hours have gone by, you will notice that the DVD automatically ejects from the PS3s slot-drive. You will be asked to insert the PS3 add-on CD. Do that and hit ‘yes.’ Similarly to the DVD, once finished the CD will eject on its own.
You will be asked to enter a password for the root login; we hit ‘enter’ twice to skip past this.
The installation is now complete - type in ‘reboot’ and hit enter.

Upon rebooting, you will enter the system configuration utility; after you finish with the configuration utility you will be faced with the following login prompt:
localhost login:
You will be faced with this prompt every time you boot into Fedora, and your login name is simply root, followed by your password if you chose to create one.
Next you will see a command prompt:
[root@localhost ~] #
This will be the prompt you most often deal with inside of Fedora, and for the light PS3 user, only a couple of commands need be memorized. These include:
reboot - reboots the system
halt - turns the PS3 off
startx - takes you into the graphical GNOME interface for Fedora 5
boot-game-os - takes you back into the main Playstation 3 OS (you will need to change the boot order under system settings after doing this to boot back into Linux next time you wish to do so)
Before entering ’startx’ and heading to the graphical user interface though, if you are on an HDTV you may wish to change the resolution from the default 576×384. This cannot be done from within the GUI, so now is the time to experiment with it. From the command prompt enter:
ps3videomode -v 3 -f
The number ‘3′ above corresponds to a 720p resolution, so you will want to enter a different number in that spot to achieve a different resolution. The resolutions are associated as follows:
1:480i 2:480p 3:720p 4:1080i and 5:1080p for NTSC territories
6:576i 7:576p 8:720p 9:1080i and 10:1080p for PAL territories
(NOTE: If your HDTV suffers from overscan, thus cropping off the edges of the screen as our older test set does, leave the -f off of your command, which stands for ‘full screen’ mode. For example, our best resolution is achieved by typing only: ps3videomode -v 4)
Now that you’ve set the resolution that works best for you, enter startx into the command prompt and hit enter.

Hopefully you now find yourself within an environment that even for a lifelong Windows user, should seem very familiar. In addition, if you performed the full installation you will have OpenOffice, Firefox, several simple games, and a number of additional productivity apps already installed on the system.

You are not connected to the Internet yet, however, and thus we will end the installation guide by addressing this, while at the same time teaching you how to access a command prompt window inside of the graphical user interface.
Navigating the bar on the top of the screen, go to Applications –> Accessories –> Terminal.
This will open up what is known as a terminal window, and from here you will be able to enter the commands necessary to initialize the network on your Fedora install. From this terminal window you will also be able to boot into the game OS, shut down the system, or reboot exactly as described previously.

When the command prompt pops up then please enter the following exactly as written:
su -c ‘/sbin/chkconfig –level 345 NetworkManager on’ (remember that Linux is case-sensitive) - hit enter
su -c ‘/sbin/chkconfig –level 345 NetworkManagerDispatcher on’ - hit enter
su -c ‘/sbin/service NetworkManager start ; /sbin/service NetworkManagerDispatcher start’ - hit enter
Reboot the system by typing ‘reboot,’ ignore the kboot prompt (or hit enter), login at the login prompt by entering ‘root,’ set your resolution at the command prompt, and enter startx to get back into the GUI.

Congratulations! You now have a fully-functioning Linux distro on your Playstation 3. Take some time to familiarise yourself with the system - for anything you want to accomplish, a little bit of research on the Internet will show you the way. Remember that for any applications you download into Fedora, you will want to download the PowerPC-friendly versions of those apps.
As time goes on we will compile a list of prime application download candidates for Linux on the PS3, as well as creating additional guides in order to familiarize yourself with the OS.
Fedora Core 5 is not the only Linux distro that will work on Playstation 3 either; any distribution adapted to the PowerPC architecture can be made to run. Fedora 5 is simply the easiest/most straightforward at this point, and is the distro most closely related to the Linux used internally at IBM on Cell-based equipment.

If you have followed the advise and guidance as mentioned in this tutorial guide, you will have successfully installed Fedora 5 Linux on a Playstation 3.

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The tutorial will provide the user with advise and guidance on password security. It will also cover information on what to do if a user forgets the root password.
It is important to know that all the login names and passwords should always be kept secure. Please note some examples of poor passwords.

The word “password”
Your login name
Your first name or your last name
Date of your birth, National insurance number
Name of your company, department, workgroup,
Password written in the calendar on your desk or on MS Calendar or elsewhere where it is easily accessible
A password which you also use in an insecure public place
Any word which is in the English dictionary. The English dictionary does not contain as many words as it might seem.

Good password

A good password is relatively long (minimum 6 characters, some experts even recommend minimum 10 characters), contains a mixture of letters (upper and lower case, if possible), numbers and special characters, and is changed quite regularly.

In order to address password security issues, a system administrator should set the password policy which covers following points:
- minimum length,
- requirement of special characters,
- password expiry

All this can be set through the utility included in this configuration program:

linuxconf

In this way, users won’t be able to set a password which is too short, is a dictionary word, or does not contain the prescribed number of non-alphanumeric characters. This will therefore contribute towards high security and will lead to low or minimal risks to the password security. (

It is also a good idea to ensure that any file that contains any password of yours has proper, secure permissions so that it cannot be read by anybody.

If you are planning or using an over the phone Internet connection for just a couple of hours a week, you don’t have to worry about password security and will not a strong password, but please note that if you if you are planning to use a cable modem or are connected to the Internet for a significant amount of time, then you must consider security as a top most priority.

What happens if you have forgotten your root password
If you have forgotten your password, then you need to go through two methods as provided below:

- You can boot your Linux in the single-user mode. This will solve your forgotten root password problem. You can do so by typing:

linux single
This will make you “root” without asking for a password. Now, being root, you will be able to change the root password using this command:
passwd

- there is another way to solve the lost-root-password. In this method, you will have to boot your computer from the Linux boot diskette or the CD. Then your have to find your Linux root partition on the hard drive, mount it, and edit the file /etc/shadow. It is good to note that in the password file, you can erase the encrypted password for root. The information about a user account is kept in plain-text files: /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow.

The file /etc/passwd contains the “world-readable” information about all accounts on the computer. Please note that each line in this file contains information about one account. Each line has 7 colon-delimited fields (this means 8 entries separated by colons): login name, the letter “x”, the numerical user ID, the numerical primary group ID for the user, a comment field (for example, the full name of the user), the user’s $HOME directory, the name of the shell (meaning the program that is run at login).

The balance of information about accounts on the computer is stored in the file /etc/shadow. This file is more secure because normally only root can read it. In this file, each line describes shadow information about one account, and has 9 colon-delimited fields: login name, encrypted password, days since Feb 1 1998 that password was last changed, days before password may be changed, number of days after which the password must be changed, number of days before password expiration to warn the user, number of days after password expiry that account is disabled, number of days since Feb 1 1998 that account is disabled, and a reserved field.

Please note that some UNIX or Linux systems do not contain the file /etc/shadow and store the encrypted user password in the second field of each line of the file /etc/passwd.

Regarding the root account, it has no password, so you can reboot the computer and, at the login prompt, just type in “root” and for password just press ENTER. If the login is successful, you can set the password for root using following command:
passwd

Please note that despite deleting the password from /etc/shadow , the Debian distribution will not let you log in passwordless. If this is the case then it is recommended to replace the password in /etc/shadow with an encrypted password from another account, where you know the password. After that, you can login since you know the password.

E-mailing an encrypted password may be also a secure way to set up an account for somebody remote. After the encrypted password is received, you can insert it into the appropriate field in /etc/shadow. Now, the user can log in, since he/she knows the password, but nobody else can.

what happens if you have forgotten your user password
If a regular (non-root) user forgets his/her password, this is not a problem since root can change any password. An example for the root is:
passwd shafkat

This will prompt for a new password for the user “shafkat”, but if a regular user who is classified as a non-root wants to change his/her password, then s/he will be asked for the old password first.
I hope that the tutorial guide proved useful for you.

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The guide will present the user with information on how to set up an Ubuntu webcam server. It is important to note that Apache should be installed in order to gain full benefits of webcam server.

If you follow the advise and steps as mentioned in this tutorial, then you will be able to set up an Ubuntu webcam server in a successful manner.

- Let’s install the webcam-server package:
sudo apt-get install webcam-server
The webcam-server binary will be installed along with the java applet and html needed to host a live stream on a webpage.
- The next thing that you will need is to setup the startup script. This will allow you to control your webcam server as a daemon, and also start webcam-server at startup.
- You can open a new file in the /etc/init.d directory with Nano as an editor.
sudo nano /etc/init.d/webcam-server
- Now you have to write a starup script:
#!/bin/sh

SERVER_BIN=webcam-server
LOCK_FILE=/var/lock/$SERVER_BIN
RTRN=0
OPTIONS=’-v -g 320×240 -p 8888 -c hacktivision.com’

start() {

[ -f $LOCK_FILE ] && echo “$SERVER_BIN already started”
[ -f $LOCK_FILE ] && return

echo -n “Starting $SERVER_BIN: “
export LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/libv4l/v4l1compat.so
nohup $SERVER_BIN $OPTIONS > /dev/null 2>/dev/null &
RTRN=$?
[ $RTRN -eq 0 ] && echo Started! || echo FAIL
[ $RTRN -eq 0 ] && touch $LOCK_FILE
}

stop() {
[ -f $LOCK_FILE ] || echo “$SERVER_BIN is not running”
[ -f $LOCK_FILE ] || return
echo -n “Stopping $SERVER_BIN: “
pkill -f “$SERVER_BIN $OPTIONS”
RTRN=$?
rm -f $LOCK_FILE
[ $RTRN -eq 0 ] && echo Stopped! || echo FAIL
}

case “$1″ in
start)
start
;;
stop)
stop
;;
restart)
stop
start
;;
*)
echo “Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart}”
RTRN=1
esac

exit $RTRN

- After writing the script as mentioned, you need to make your startup script run when Ubuntu starts up. You can use the following commands:

sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/webcam-server
sudo update-rc.d webcam-server defaults

- Now, it’s time to test the webcam server. We will start it using the script, and then see if we can view the http image stream
sudo /etc/init.d/webcam-server start

- Now, you can open Firefox, or any web browser and navigate to http://localhost:8888/. You will be able to view an image of what your webcam server is pointed at.
- In Firefox, if you hold down CTRL+SHIFT+R, you can almost get a stream going by constantly refreshing the image.
It is good to know that Apache needs to be installed. If Apache is not installed, the you need to install it. You can run following:
sudo apt-get install apache2

- When you installed webcam-server, some of the web files will be installed on the hard drive. Please remeber that these files allow for a java app on a webpage to stream the webcam. If your webroot is /hat/www, then please replace /hat/www with whatever webroot you want to use in the code as provided below:
Copy the web files to the webroot
sudo cp /usr/share/doc/webcam-server/applet/* /hat/www/
- A testing can be carried out by going to http://localhost/webcam.html.

The java applet in the webcam.html file is, by default, configured to stream at 1 frame per second. It is also configured by default to use “localhost” as the domain.

If you followed the advise and guidance as provided in this tutorial, then you would have succefully set up an Ubuntu webcam server.

Welcome to the tutorial guide . The guide will provide the user with necessary information on how to install XEPC customised Xandros DVD.
In order to learn how to carry out this task, please follow the steps as below:

First of all, let’s see how to change the boot order of the Eee PC
-Please switch on Eee PC
- After the PC is on, press F2 to get into the BIOS
- You will notice there is Advanced header. Please change OS Installation from Finished to Start
- Under the Boot header, choose Hard Disk Drives, and make your USB device the 1st Drive
- Under the Boot header, choose Boot Device Priority, and make it so your USB external drive boots before the HDD
- Save and reboot

Alternately you can follow the steps as below:
- please connect and power the usb dvd-rom (if it is externally powered)
- now, turn on Eee PC
- In the bios screen press ESC
- now choose the usb device from the list
- after that, please proceed with the next section
Now, let’s go through the installation process
- Please insert the DVD that came with the Eee PC or the DVD burned from the XEPC .iso image (if installing the XEPC customised Xandros) in the DVD drive - Boot the Eee PC
-,now, please choose the right device to boot from

Options for Factory DVD
: Please press TAB when it asks if you would like to fix your Eee PC
please choose “Asus Eee PC” and type yes
Options for XEPC DVD
You can follow the instructions on the screen
- Let it reinstall the OS image
- do reboot
- Now, please go back into the BIOS and change the OS Installation from Start to Finished. Save and Exit.

If you have followed all the steps, then you will have a fresh Eee PC.