Linux Solutions

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The tutorial will provide a user with guidance and instructions on how to install the RPM package in Fedora.

Please note that the RPM package manager is the default package manager for Fedora and Red Hat. It can also be installed in other distributions by installing the RPM package. Please follow the steps in order to install the RPM package in Fedora.
- Please download the RPM package.
- now, please open a terminal window.
(If you are having any difficulty in find the terminal, then please go under Applications and Accessories or you can go to start and then Utilities)
- after opening the terminal window, now please change to the directory where the .rpm file is held.
cd ~/RPMS

Don’t forget to change “RPMS” to reflect the directory.
-please issue following command:
sudo rpm -ivh Package.rpm

If a user wants to replace the “Package” with the name of the package, then he or she can do this.

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The guide will a user with guidance and instructions on how to set up BGP4 with zebra.

Please note that the Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 (BGP4) is a dynamic routing protocol and it allows the distribution of reachability information, i.e. routing tables, to other BGP4 enabled nodes. It can either be used as EGP or IGP. BGP4 supports Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) and route aggregation.
Network Map
The network map is used for further examples. AS 1 and 50 have more neighbors but a user can configure 1 and 50 as neighbor. Plesase note that in this example the nodes itself communicate over tunnels, but that is not a must.
The AS numbers used in this example are reserved, but a user can get his own AS from RIPE if he/she wants to set up official peerings.
——————–
| 192.168.23.12/24 |
| AS: 23 |
——————–
/ \
/ \
/ \
—————— ——————
| 192.168.1.1/24 |——-| 10.10.1.1/16 |
| AS: 1 | | AS: 50 |
—————— ——————
Configuration
The following configuration is written for node 192.168.23.12/24, it is easy to adapt it for the other nodes.
It starts with the hostname, passwords and debug switches:
! hostname
hostname anakin

! login password
password xxx

! enable password (super user mode)
enable password xxx

! path to logfile
log file /var/log/zebra/bgpd.log

! debugging: be verbose
debug bgp events
debug bgp filters
debug bgp fsm
debug bgp keepalives
debug bgp updates
Access list, used to limit the redistribution to private networks (RFC 1918).
! RFC 1918 networks
access-list local_nets permit 192.168.0.0/16
access-list local_nets permit 172.16.0.0/12
access-list local_nets permit 10.0.0.0/8
access-list local_nets deny any
The next step is to do the per AS configuration:
! Own AS number
router bgp 23

! IP address of the router
bgp router-id 192.168.23.12

! announce our own network to other neighbors
network 192.168.23.0/24

! advertise all connected routes (= directly attached interfaces)
redistribute connected

! advertise kernel routes (= manually inserted routes)
redistribute kernel
Every ‘router bgp’ block contains a list of neighbors to which the router is connected to:
neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1
neighbor 192.168.1.1 distribute-list local_nets in
neighbor 10.10.1.1 remote-as 50
neighbor 10.10.1.1 distribute-list local_nets in
Checking Configuration
If a user wants to check configuration then please follow the steps as mentioned below:
Please note that vtysh is a multiplexer and connects all the Zebra interfaces together.
anakin# sh ip bgp summary
BGP router identifier 192.168.23.12, local AS number 23
2 BGP AS-PATH entries
0 BGP community entries

Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd
10.10.0.1 4 50 35 40 0 0 0 00:28:40 1
192.168.1.1 4 1 27574 27644 0 0 0 03:26:04 14

Total number of neighbors 2
anakin#
anakin# sh ip bgp neighbors 10.10.0.1
BGP neighbor is 10.10.0.1, remote AS 50, local AS 23, external link
BGP version 4, remote router ID 10.10.0.1
BGP state = Established, up for 00:29:01
….
anakin#
A user can see which routes he/she has got from the neighbors:
anakin# sh ip ro bgp
Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, O - OSPF,
B - BGP, > - selected route, * - FIB route

B>* 172.16.0.0/14 [20/0] via 192.168.1.1, tun0, 2d10h19m
B>* 172.30.0.0/16 [20/0] via 192.168.1.1, tun0, 10:09:24
B>* 192.168.5.10/32 [20/0] via 192.168.1.1, tun0, 2d10h27m
B>* 192.168.5.26/32 [20/0] via 192.168.1.1, tun0, 10:09:24
B>* 192.168.5.36/32 [20/0] via 192.168.1.1, tun0, 2d10h19m
B>* 192.168.17.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.1.1, tun0, 3d05h07m
B>* 192.168.17.1/32 [20/0] via 192.168.1.1, tun0, 3d05h07m
B>* 192.168.32.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.1.1, tun0, 2d10h27m
anakin#

If you followed the tutorial guide then you would have learnt about setting up BGP4 with Zebra.

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The tutorial will provide a user with guidance and instructions on dynamic routing (OSPF and BGP).

Please note that when the network starts to get really big, or when a user considers the internet as his/her network then a user will need tools which dynamically route his/her data. Sites are often connected to each other with multiple links, and more are popping up all the time.
The Internet has mostly standardized on OSPF (RFC 2328) anc2d BGP4 (RFC 1771). Linux supports both, by way of gated and zebra.

Setting up OSPF with Zebra
It is good to know the principal features of OSPF. These features are mentioned below:
Hierachical
Networks are grouped by areas, which are interconnected by a backbone area which will be designated as area 0. All traffic goes through area 0, and all the routers in area 0 have routing information about all the other areas.
Short convergence
Routes are propagated very fast, compared with RIP, for example.
Bandwith efficient
Uses multicasting instead of broadcasting, so it doesn’t flood other hosts with routing information that may not be of interest for them, thus reducing network overhead. Also, Internal Routers (those which only have interfaces in one area) don’t have routing information about other areas. Routers with interfaces in more than one area are called Area Border Routers, and hold topological information about the areas they are connected to.
Cpu intensive
OSPF is based on Dijkstra’s Shortest Path First algorithm, which is expensive compared to other routing algorithms. But really is not that bad, since the Shortest Path is only calculated for each area, also for small to medium sized networks this will not be an issue.
Link state
OSPF counts with the special characteristics of networks and interfaces, such as bandwith, link failures, and monetary cost.
Open protocol and GPLed software
OSPF is an open protocol, and Zebra is GPL software, which has obvious advantages over propietary software and protocols.

Prerequisites
Please note the prerequisites of this.
Linux Kernel:
Compiled with CONFIG_NETLINK_DEV and CONFIG_IP_MULTICAST.
Iproute
Zebra
Configuring Zebra
An example for this network will be helpful:Let’s
| 192.168.0.0/24 |
| |
| Area 0 100BaseTX Switched |
| Backbone Ethernet |
—————————————————-
| | | |
| | | |
|eth1 |eth1 |eth0 |
|100BaseTX |100BaseTX |100BaseTX |100BaseTX
|.1 |.2 |.253 |
——— ———— ———– —————-
|R Omega| |R Atlantis| |R Legolas| |R Frodo |
——— ———— ———– —————-
|eth0 |eth0 | | |
| | | | |
|2MbDSL/ATM |100BaseTX |10BaseT |10BaseT |10BaseT
———— ———————————— ——————————-
| Internet | | 172.17.0.0/16 Area 1 | | 192.168.1.0/24 wlan Area 2|
———— | Student network (dorm) | | barcelonawireless |
———————————— ——————————-

Please note that zebra does most of the work automatically, so it won’t take any work to put all the routes up with zebra. It is hard work to maintain all those routes by hand in a day to day basis. A user should note that he/she has to clear the network topology and considerable care is required with Area 0. First configure zebra, editing zebra.conf and adapt it to a users needs:

hostname omega
password xxx
enable password xxx
!
! Interface’s description.
!
!interface lo
! description test of desc.
!
interface eth1
multicast
!
! Static default route
!
ip route 0.0.0.0/0 212.170.21.129
!
log file /var/log/zebra/zebra.log

In Debian, a user will also have to edit /etc/zebra/daemons so they start at boot:
zebra=yes
ospfd=yes

A user will need to edit ospfd.conf if he/she is still running IPV4 or ospf6d.conf if he/she is running IPV6. The ospfd.conf is provided below:

hostname omega
password xxx
enable password xxx
!
router ospf
network 192.168.0.0/24 area 0
network 172.17.0.0/16 area 1
!
! log stdout
log file /var/log/zebra/ospfd.log

How to run Zebra
A user can run or start Zebra in two ways:
• By typing “zebra -d”
• with some script “/etc/init.d/zebra start”.

When a user starts Zebra by typing or running script as mentioned above, by looking at the ospdfd logs following will be provided as below:

2010/12/13 22:46:24 OSPF: interface 192.168.0.1 join AllSPFRouters Multicast group.
2010/12/13 22:46:34 OSPF: SMUX_CLOSE with reason: 5
2010/12/13 22:46:44 OSPF: SMUX_CLOSE with reason: 5
2010/12/13 22:46:54 OSPF: SMUX_CLOSE with reason: 5
2010/12/13 22:47:04 OSPF: SMUX_CLOSE with reason: 5
2010/12/13 22:47:04 OSPF: DR-Election[1st]: Backup 192.168.0.1
2010/12/13 22:47:04 OSPF: DR-Election[1st]: DR 192.168.0.1
2010/12/13 22:47:04 OSPF: DR-Election[2nd]: Backup 0.0.0.0
2010/12/13 22:47:04 OSPF: DR-Election[2nd]: DR 192.168.0.1
2010/12/13 22:47:04 OSPF: interface 192.168.0.1 join AllDRouters Multicast group.
2010/12/13 22:47:06 OSPF: DR-Election[1st]: Backup 192.168.0.2
2010/12/13 22:47:06 OSPF: DR-Election[1st]: DR 192.168.0.1
2010/12/13 22:47:06 OSPF: Packet[DD]: Negotiation done (Slave).
2010/12/13 22:47:06 OSPF: nsm_change_status(): scheduling new router-LSA origination
2010/12/13 22:47:11 OSPF: ospf_intra_add_router: Start

Bhy looking at this, a user will note that 192.168.0.1 is the Designated Router and 192.168.0.2 is the Backup Designated Router
A user can also interact with the zebra or the ospfd interface by executing following:
$ telnet localhost zebra
$ telnet localhost ospfd

A user can log into zebra in order to view if the routes are propagating. After a user logs into zebra then he/she can type in following:

root@atlantis:~# telnet localhost zebra
Trying 127.0.0.1…
Connected to atlantis.
Escape character is ‘^]’.

Hello, this is zebra (version 0.92a).
Copyright 1996-2001 Kunihiro Ishiguro.

User Access Verification

Password:
atlantis> show ip route
Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, O - OSPF,
B - BGP, > - selected route, * - FIB route

K>* 0.0.0.0/0 via 192.168.0.1, eth1
C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo
O 172.17.0.0/16 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0, 06:21:53
C>* 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, eth0
O 192.168.0.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth1, 06:21:53
C>* 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1
atlantis> show ip ospf border-routers
============ OSPF router routing table =============
R 192.168.0.253 [10] area: (0.0.0.0), ABR
via 192.168.0.253, eth1
[10] area: (0.0.0.1), ABR
via 172.17.0.2, eth0

Or with iproute directly:
root@omega:~# ip route
212.170.21.128/26 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 212.170.21.172
192.168.0.0/24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.0.1
172.17.0.0/16 via 192.168.0.2 dev eth1 proto zebra metric 20
default via 212.170.21.129 dev eth0 proto zebra
root@omega:~#

A user can see the zebra routes, that weren’t there before. The routes appear a few seconds after he/she starts zebra and ospfd. A user can check connectivity to other hosts with ping. Zebra routes are automatic, a user can just add another router to the network, configure zebra, and voila!
A user can use:
tcpdump -i eth1 ip[9] == 89

In order to capture OSPF packets for analysis, OSPF ip protocol number is 89, and the protocol field is the 9th octet on the ip header.
OSPF has a lot of tunable parameters, specially for large networks.

If a user follows advise and guidance as provided in this tutorial then he/she would have learnt about dynamic routing Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and BGP.

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The tutorial will provide a user with guidance and instructions on Pseudo bridges with proxy-ARP.

Please note the way in which a pseudo-bridge works. By default, a bridge passes packets unaltered from one interface to the other. It only looks at the hardware address of packets to determine what goes where. This is so that a user can bridge traffic that Linux does not understand, as long as it has an hardware address it does.
A Pseudo-bridge works differently and looks more like a hidden router than a bridge, but like a bridge, it has little impact on network design. There are few advantages for the Pseudo-bridge.
• it is not a bridge lies in the fact that packets really pass through the kernel, and can be filtered, changed, redirected or rerouted.
• it does not pass packets it does not understand - thus cleaning a users network of a lot of cruft. In cases where a user will need this cruft (like SAP packets, or Netbeui), use a real bridge.
ARP & Proxy-ARP
• When a host wants to talk to another host on the same physical network segment, it sends out an Address Resolution Protocol packet, which, somewhat simplified, reads like this ‘who has 10.0.0.1, tell 10.0.0.7′. In response to this, 10.0.0.1 replies with a short here packet.
• 10.0.0.7 then sends packets to the hardware address mentioned in the ‘here’ packet. It caches this hardware address for a relatively long time, and after the cache expires, it re-asks the question.
• When building a Pseudo-bridge, a user can instruct the bridge to reply to these ARP packets, which causes the hosts in the network to send its packets to the bridge. The bridge then processes these packets, and sends them to the relevant interface.
In other words, whenever a host on one side of the bridge asks for the hardware address of a host on the other, the bridge replies with a packet that says hand it to me.
This way, all data traffic gets transmitted to the right place, and always passes through the bridge.
How to implement pseudo bridge
In order to understand how to implement or bridge a pseudo bridge, it is a good idea to know a brief history. In the past, it used to be possible to instruct the Linux Kernel to perform proxy-ARP for just any subnet. In other words, in order to configure a pseudo-bridge, a user has to specify not only the proper routes to both sides of the bridge, but also has to create matching proxy-ARP rules. The weaknesses behind this is that it not only requires a lot of typing, but also it easily allows a user to make mistakes which make his/her bridge respond to ARP queries for networks it does not know how to route.
Please note that with Linux 2.4/2.5, this possibility has been withdrawn and has been replaced by a flag in the /proc directory, called proxy_arp. In order to build a pseudo-bridge, a user can follow the procedure as mentioned below:
• assign an IP address to both interfaces, the left and the right one
• create routes so that the machine knows which hosts reside on the left, and which on the right
• Now please turn on proxy-ARP on both interfaces, echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/ethL/proxy_arp, echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/ethR/proxy_arp, where L and R stand for the numbers of the interfaces on the left and on the right side
Please remember to turn on the ip_forwarding flag! When converting from a true bridge, a user will find that this flag was turned off as it is not needed when bridging.
A user will also note that when converting is that a user will need to clear the arp cache of computers in the network - the arp cache might contain old pre-bridge hardware addresses which are no longer correct.
On systems such as Cisco, a user can do this by running the command ‘clear arp-cache’, under Linux, use ‘arp -d ip.address’. As user can also wait for the cache to expire manually, which can take rather long.
A user can speed this up using the wonderful ‘arping’ tool, which on many distributions is part of the ‘iputils’ package. Using ‘arping’ a user can send out unsolicited ARP messages so as to update remote arp caches.
This is a very powerful technique that can be used by ‘black hats’ to subvert the routing!
Please note that on Linux 2.4, a user will need to execute ‘echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_nonlocal_bind’ before being able to send out unsolicited ARP messages
There is another point that user will note is that the network was misconfigured if a user is specifying routes without netmasks. It is recommended that when a user is doing surgical routing then it is of high importance to check the netmasks.

If you followed this tutorial guide then you would have learnt about Pseudo-bridges with Proxy-ARP.

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The tutorial guide will provide a usuer with guidance and instructions on setting up a dial-up connection for Ubuntu.

Please note that a Dial-up access is a form of Internet access through which the client uses a modem connected to a computer and a telephone line to dial into an Internet service provider’s (ISP) node to establish a modem-to-modem link, which is then routed to the Internet.
Most ISPs provide dial-up connections supporting PPP. This is because it is a fast and efficient protocol for using TCP/IP over serial lines. PPP is designed for two-way networking; TCP/IP provides the transport protocol for data.
A user should note that PPP (Point to Point Protocol) uses several components on the system. These components are:
• A Daemon called pppd, which controls the use of PPP.
• HDLC. This is a driver controls the flow of information between two machines.
• Chat . This is the A third component of PPP is a routine called chat that dials the other end of the connection for the user when he/she wants it to.
Configuring a Dial-Up Connection in Ubuntu
As Ubuntu includes some useful utilities to get the dial-up connection up and running, a user can note different ways in which he/she connect to the dialup connection
• By using the networking option in Ubuntu
• By using gnome-ppp
• By using kppp (For Kubuntu)
• by using wvdialconf & wvdial
• by using pppconfig & pon/poff
The important thing that user needs to ensure that the modem drivers first are installed or not.
Now we will find 3 ways how to configure dialup connection in ubuntu
Please note that before starting, a user should do following:
Before configuring Dial-up connection a user needs to have the following information from the ISP
1)Username
2)Password
3)Dail-in number
Configuring a Dial-Up Connection using Networking option
In order to configure a dial up connection by using networking option a user can
• go to System—>Administration —>Networking
• when the application opens a user can now select modem connection option and click on properties
• Now a user has to enable the connection by ticking the Enable this connection box,
• now please enter the ISP’s phone number as well as the username and password
• Next please click on the modem tab to specify details about the modem and also configure the speaker volume. Most telephone systems use tone dialling nowadays, so please ensure that this is selected .
• A user can select the volume for the speaker on medium
• Now a user can click on options tab
• If the user is using a laptop, then he/she will probably want to uncheck Set modem as default route to the Internet whilst he/she is on a LAN, otherwise a user will struggle to see anything.
• Now, a user can tick it when he/she is expecting to use his/her dial-up connection though, and Ubuntu will use this connection to get out onto the Internet.
• Now a user can select other two options checked
• A user can use the Gnome Modem Monitor and Network Monitor panel if he/she wants to stop, start and monitor modem connections.
Configuring a Dial-Up Connection using pppconfig
A user can configure a connection by using pppconfig, a command line utility to help his/her to configure specific dial-up connection settings.This is a command line based option to manage dialup connections.
• Please open a terminal from Applications
• Go to System Tools
• Choose Terminal and type
sudo pppconfig
Now a user can
• select “Create Create a connection”
• select ok and
• press enter
Now a user can enter provider name and then can leave default one and in this example “comcast” select ok and press enter
• On the next screen, a user can need to select “Dynamic Use dynamic DNS”
• select ok and
• press enter
A user can then select Authentication method . Let’s assume that a user selects a “chat :Use chat for login/password :
• Authentication” select ok and
• press enter
• Select login prompt option leave default
• select ok and
• press enter
• Select password prompt option leave default
• select ok and
• press enter
Now a user can can enter the username given to him/her by his/her ISP. Let’s asssume that a users name is “shafkats”
• select ok and
• press enter
• Please enter the password given to the user by his/her ISP in this example, let’s assume it is “ShafkatShahzad” select ok and press enter
• Enter the modem speed as “115200″
• select ok and
• press enter
• Select method of dialing as “Tone”
• select ok and
• press enter
• Enter the number to dial
• select ok and
• press enter
Now, a user can choose the modem configuration method if he/she wants to detect his modem automatically select yes otherwise select no. Let’s assume that a user selects select ok and press enter
Select the modem port and leave the default option select ok and press enter
Here is the complete details that user has choosen for the provider connection in this example comcast
Finished the connection settings select ok and press enter
Select “Quit Exit this utility”
Exit the terminal window using the following command
exit
Connecting to the ISP
Before a user connects for the first time a user can add himself/herself to both the dip and dialout groups by using the commands
• sudo adduser YOURNAMEHERE dip
• sudo adduser YOURNAMEHERE dialout
• # connect to the ISP configured as “comcast”
• pon comcast
• # disconnect the ISP configured as “comcast”
• poff comcast
If a user is trying to connect as default “provider” then he/she will need to use the following commands to connect and disconnect
pon
poff
A user can check the last messages generated by these commands with
# shows the (status) messages generated by pon and poff
plog
Configuring a Dial-Up Connection using gnome-ppp
GNOME PPP is an easy to use graphical dialup connection configuring and dialing tool with system tray icon support. It uses GNOME/GTK+ for its graphical interface and integrates well in GNOME desktop environment, but it can be used in other environments.
It also uses WvDial dialer as its backend, providing simple configuration via config files. A user can also use plain wvdial if he/she doesn’t have X running.
Install gnome-ppp Ubuntu
sudo apt-get install gnome-ppp
This will complete the installation.
If a user wants to open the application then please go to
• Application
• Internet
• GNOME PPP
Once application opens then a user will need to click on setup to configure his/her settings and then a configuration screen for the modem settings will be displayed
• Please click on the networking tab to configure network settings
• Then click on options tab to configure general options
• Once a user will have all the details enter the details a user will see the GNOME PPP screen
• Now a user can click on the Connect button

If you followed the tutorial guide then you would have learnt about setting up dial up connection for the Ubuntu.

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The tutorial will provide a user with guidance and instructions on how to make a connection to the wireless network.

Please note that if a users’ card is in the list of wireless network cards supported by free drivers, then he/she should be able to make the wireless connection work with gNewSense. The procedure to make the wireless connection work depends on the driver that the users’ card works with.
This leads towards the importance of understanding the driver. If a user wants to know the driver that he/she needs to install, then the user has to know the hardware that he/she has. This can be done by opening the terminal and typing following command:To do this, open a terminal and type:

lspci -v | grep -i wireless
If this command workds with the PCMCIA devices, then it will display following:
02:0b.0 Network controller: Atheros Communications Inc. AR5416 802.11abgn Wireless PCI Adapter (rev 01)

This will let a user understand that his/her chipset is Atheros AR5416. The driver that a user needs to use is ath9k.

A user can have a look at a list of free drivers. A user should follow driver installation procedure to make his/her wireless card recognised by the system.

Ath9k
As of gNewSense deltah 2.2, linux kernel version (2.6.24.*) doesn’t include ath9k. If a user bought a wireless card supported by this driver, then he/she has to install a newer version of linux kernel, at least version 2.6.27. A user can find the latest version of linux-libre kernel, precompiled for gNewSense from the website
In order to install two packages a user can download (in superuse):
sudo dpkg -i linux-image-2.6.30.7-libre-fshoppe1_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i linux-headers-2.6.30.7-libre-fshoppe1_i386.deb
After completing this, a user will have an updated GRUB’s menu.lst file which can be booted from this new kernel. A user can now reboot his/her computer.

2.2 b43
A user can use the free firmware OpenFWWF. It is recommended that a user should use a release of Linux newer than 2.6.28 for this driver firmware combination.
In order to install this firmware, a user should download the latest version of the firmware source code:
wget http://www.ing.unibs.it/openfwwf/firmware/openfwwf-5.2.tar.gz
the reason for this is that for compiling the assembly code of openfwwf a user will need an assembler and that is exactly what is in this package.

When a user has both files, untar the b43-tools first:
tar -zxvf b43-tools.git-*.tar.gz
and then build it:
cd b43-tools.git/assembler
make
A user should now be able to find two files in that folder called b43-asm and b43-asm.bin.
A user can unpack the firmware source:
tar -zxvf openfwwf-5.2.tar.gz
and copy b43-asm and b43-asm.bin to the newly created folder:
cp b43-tools.git/assembler/b43-asm* openfwwf-5.2/
Now a user will now have to edit the Makefile for openfwwf (openfwwf-5.2/Makefile):
BCMASM = b43-asm
must be replaced by:
BCMASM = ./b43-asm
Then build the firmware:
make
and install it:
sudo make install
in /etc/modprobe.d/arch/i386 add the following:
options b43 qos=0 nohwcrypt=1

A user should now be able to use his/her broadcom wireless card. Check with ifconfig -a if it can be seen. A user might have to unload and load the module again (or restart his/her computer).

Test
Once the driver has been installed, a user should check if his/her hardware is working. In the terminal:
ifconfig
Something like wlan0 should appear. That shows that the card is recognised.

Connect
A user should now be able to connect to his/her network. In order to find out which networks are available from the wireless card,
• a user can just click on the double screen icon on the top right of the screen.
• Now a user can choose the network he/she wants to connect to, a new window will appear asking for his/her passphrase if his/her network is encrypted.
• Click on the Connect button should result in a rotating icon on the top right of the screen,
• and finally an icon showing the intensity of the wireless signal lets a user know that he/she is connected. In the terminal:
iwconfig
will show a user if his/her wireless card is connected to a network.
If a user wants the network manager to directly connect to the wireless network, without even trying to connect to wired connection, then please follow the steps as mentioned:
• please left click on the network-manager icon on the top right and select “Manual configuration…”.
• now please click on the “Unlock” button, type the root password,
• and select “Wired connection”,
• then click on “Properties” button.
• Unselect “Enable roaming mode” and chose “dhcp”.
• Confirm and unselect “Wired connection”,
• save configuration where you want and close.

If you followed instructions and guidance as provided in this tutorial guide then you would have learnt about making wireless connection with gNewSense.

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The tutorial will provide a user with guidance and instructions on how to write a linux desktop application.

If a user wants to design an application on a linux platform then he/she should know that it is not a difficult task. This is because Linux is a platform for both software and profit; open source does not necessarily mean free of cost, and a user doesn’t not have to make his/her source code open to develop for Linux. In order to write a linux desktop applicaiotn, a user has to go through following steps:
• A user has to decide on what type of application he is planning to write. This is by far the most important step in this whole process, as the type of application is going to determine how a user will go about developing it. An example will make it clear. If it is something that is a port of a windows application would probably require a user to look into Mono, which allows a user to use programs written in C# on Linux and migrate “.Net” applications from Windows to Linux.
• A user can perform research and download the appropriate development tools. Linux has an advantage of that there are innumerable integrated development environments. Eclipse is a good development tool and it can be used with most large programming languages, including C++ and Java; there is also a package for PHP. If a user doesn’t like Eclipse, then he/she should try Qt. Please note that Eclipse and Qt work on Linux, Mac and Windows.
• Now a user can deploy and package his/her application once he/she has completed it. The different distributions of Linux might be confusing, but, if a user is trying to hit the maximum number of users possible with the least amount of effort, then package his/her program as a Debian package. Debian packages can be installed on Debian and Debian-based distributions, such as Ubuntu; also, savvy users of other distributions will be able to open it on theirs, though it requires some work.

If you followed this tutorial guide then you would have learnt about writing a linux desktop application.

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The tutorial will provide a user with guidance and instructions on how to install a gNewSense.

The first step is towards installing gNewSense is to download the cd images. After downloading the images, let’s start with the process of installation.
Hardware Requirements:
gNewSense runs fine on Pentium 3’s and over. The sepcification for the gNewSense is:
Desktop PC:
256 megabytes of RAM
3 gigabytes of Hard disc space.
It is recommended that to run on anything not less than a 500MHz CPU. If a user goes lower, the smallest quantity of RAM the installer works with is 192mb of ram, and it is not recommended to use this on anything less then 400MHz.
Other things which will ease the usage are:
Monitor and video card capable of SVGA
Mouse
Keyboard
Before we start the installation process, it is a good idea to do following:
• Turn on the PC, and enter the BIOS.
• Now, please esure that the computer is set to boot from CDROM
• Press the eject button on the CDROM drive to make the tray come out
• Place CDROM in the tray, text/image side up. (On slot load drives slide the CDROM in, text/image side up)
• Press the eject button again to make the tray close.
• Please save the settings, and exit the BIOS, as per its documentation.
• Now, please wait for the computer to POST, and it displays a black screen with the following text on it:
gNewSense Free as in Freedom LiveCD 1.1 deltad Press F1 for help, or ENTER to boot:
If a user presses ENTER then it should start booting gNewSense
If the computer goes pass the boot screen without showing it, its possible that the system can’t boot from CDROM. If this is the case then a user will need something like smart boot manager to let it boot.
The CDROM spins up, scrolls a lot of text on the screen, and automatically logs into a Live session of gNewSense.

Please note that a user will have 2 icons on the desktop by default, “Examples”, and “Install”. Examples is example content from Ubuntu saved in open formats, which can be played from the CD or from the hard drive after install. Install runs the gNewSense installer, so that’s where our interest lies.
The installer is a 6 step process, the first 5 requiring input, and the last one confirming the selections. It is a good idea to read the text accompanying each screen of the installer to get an idea of what its doing.
• Double click on Install, the installer launches.
Running the installer
Language Selection
The first screen will ask a user to enter a language to continue the installer in. As it happens, English is selected by default, so unless a user wants to customise the install this selection is fine.
Click Next to advance to step 2
Location and Time
By default the country will be the location selected for where a user lives, but if a user wants to alter this then he can follow the steps as mentioned below:
• Please click on Australia on the map displayed. The window will zoom in.
• Now, please click on the marker that represents Adelaide on the map. All the settings at the bottom will change, and the Adelaide marker will blink.
• Click Next to go to the next step

Keyboard Setup
Keyboard selection. Sometimes the keyboard selection is a UK keyboard, so it is safe to keep it as it is on default. In order to ensure this is the case, it is a good idea to test this by typing some keys into the test bar at the bottom of the window.
If the keyboard is not a UK keyboard, then a user can choose any settings from the list now, please click Next to to to the next step
Computer and User Details
Here a user can enter his/her real name, login name, a password and a name for his/her computer.
There are 4 primary fields:
• What is your name?
A user can put his real name in this field.
• What name do you want to use to log in?
This is what’s called a users ‘username’. This is usually a variation of a users real name, without spaces or special characters.
• Select a password:
Here a user is required to put in a password. It doesn’t have to be long (there are no security checks run by the installer), but a user can do have to enter it twice.
• What is the computers name?
This is automatically filled in for a user as loginname-desktop, or loginname-laptop, a user can change the computers name or choose to leave it with the default.
Click Next to advance to step 5.
Drive Partitioning
The installer will allow a user to do several partitioning modes, but the two automated ones are “Use entire hard drive” (only one OS installed), or “Resize … and use freed space”. If a user wants to dual boot (have more then one OS installed) then he/she can click next (and advance to step 6) on this screen without changing anything, and the installer will work everything out for the user.
If a user wants to only run one Operating System, then please select the next option down - Erase entire hard disk.
If a user wants to customise the size of his/her swap file (Virtual memory) this is the time to do it, as after install it can be quite complex. This does require manually editing the partition table. The generally recommended quantity of swap is 1.5x the amount of RAM a user has, however this is legacy information. It is recommended that the amount of ram a user should have is +100mb (for hibernation), and on a desktop ‘1.5x ram or 1 gigabyte, whichever is smaller’.
Click Next to advance to step 6.
Finalising Setup
The final screen lists all the changes that will be made, and allows a user to start the install. A user should know that this is the last chance to change the settings. After a user clicks on install, the installer will create new partitions, format them and install the files.
When Install is selected, the large window closes, leaving a user with a small status bar that shows how far through the install it is. The status bar has text explaining what’s happening and a ‘time remaining’, but a user can ignore this
Reboot
When the install finishes, a window pops up asking if a user wants to keep using the live CDROM, or if the user wants to reboot into the newly installed system.
Now a user click on ‘Restart now’ to reboot the computer
The system shuts down, ejects the CDROM, and asks the user to press the Enter key to reboot, giving a user a chance to get the CDROM out. Now a user can press the enter key, and wait for the system to restart. By default it will boot the new gNewSense install.

If a user followed guidance and instructions as provided in this tutorial then he/she would have learnt about installing gNewSense.

Welcome to the information guide. The guide will provide a user with guidance and information on Foresight Xfce.

Please note that the Foresight Xfce Edition features the Xfce desktop environment, maintained by Xfce project developers, as the interface for Foresight Linux. Xfce aims to be fast and lightweight while still being visually appealing and easy to use. Embodying the traditional UNIX philosophy of modularity and reusability, Xfce consists of a number of components with dedicated developer teams that together provide the full functionality of the desktop environment. By packaging these components separately, Xfce allows users to select from available packages to create their best personal working environment.

Please note that the Foresight Xfce Edition is currently under active development, and it is available for installation as an alpha release. Foresight invites users to test the Xfce edition and file bugs or other issues whose resultions will help move it toward a stable release.

If you read the information guide then you would have learnt about the Foresight Xfce.

Welcome to the tutorial guide. The tutorial will provide a user with guidance and infomration on foresight kids linux distribution.

Please note that foresight kids is a Linux distribution for children that features a number of education and entertainment applications, as well as the benefits of the Foresight GNOME Edition: a rolling release schedule that always keeps your desktop up to date; a revolutionary package manager, Conary; a customized GNOME desktop environment and an innovative set of excellent, up to date software applications.
The Foresight Kid’s Edition features different aspplicaitons. Some of the applications are mentioend below:
Education
• Tuxpaint, an award winning drawing program for children ages 3-12.
• Tux Typing, and educational typing tutor for children.
• GCompris, an educational software suit that includes many different activities for children ages 2 to 10.
• Tux, of Math Command, an education arcade game starring Tux based on the class game “Missile Command”.
Entertainment and Games
• SuperTux, a classic 2D jump ‘n run sidescroller with a similar style to the original SuperMario games.
• SuperTuxKart, a 3D kart racing game featuring numerous tracks, characters and items.Foobilliard, a 3D billiards / pool game.
• GNU Chess, a chess game.
• Super Maryo Chronicles, a 2D side scroller game featuring many different stages and levels..
Internet and Media Applications
• F-Spot Photo Manager
• Firefox Web Browser
• Pidgin Instant Messenger
• Banshee Media Player
• Totem Movie Player

If you read the information guide then you would have learnt about foresight kids linux distribution.